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Personal information management (PIM) refers to the practice and the study of the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and use personal information items such as documents (paper-based and digital), web pages and email messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or not) and fulfill a person’s various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of community, etc.). More simply, ''PIM is the art of getting things done in our lives through information.''〔Jones, W. (2012). The Future of Personal Information Management, Part 1: Our Information, Always and Forever. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan & Claypool Publishers. page 3.〕 Practically, PIM is concerned with how people organize and maintain personal information collections, and methods that can help people in doing so. People may manage information in a variety of settings, for a variety of reasons, and with a variety of types of information. For example, an office worker might manage physical documents in a filing cabinet by placing them in folders organized alphabetically by project name, or might manage digital documents in folders in a hierarchical file system. A parent might collect and organize photographs of their children into a photo album using a temporal organization scheme, or might tag digital photos with the names of the children. PIM considers not only the methods used to store and organize information, but also is concerned with how people retrieve information from their collections for re-use. For example, the office worker might re-locate a physical document by remembering the name of the project and then finding the appropriate folder by an alphabetical search. On a computer system with a hierarchical file system, a person might need to remember the top-level folder in which a document is located, and then browse through the folder contents to navigate to the desired document. Email systems often support additional methods for re-finding such as fielded search (e.g., search by sender, subject, date). The characteristics of the document types, the data that can be used to describe them (meta-data), and features of the systems used to store and organize them (e.g. fielded search) are all components that may influence how users accomplish personal information management. Studying, understanding, and practicing PIM can help individuals and organizations work more effectively and efficiently, can help people deal with “information overload”, and can highlight useful strategies for archiving, organizing, and facilitating access to saved information. There are six ways in which information can be personal:〔 #Owned by "me" #About "me" #Directed toward "me" #Sent/Posted by "me" #Experienced by "me" #Relevant to "me" One ideal of PIM is that people should always have the right information in the right place, in the right form, and of sufficient completeness and quality to meet their current need. Technologies and tools such as personal information managers help people spend less time with time-consuming and error-prone activities of PIM (such as looking for and organising information). They then have more and better insight in making creative, intelligent use of their time, or to simply enjoy the information itself. == History and background == PIM is a new field with ancient roots. When the oral rather than the written word dominated, human memory was the primary means for information preservation.〔F. A. Yates, The art of memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.〕 As information was increasingly rendered in paper form, tools were developed over time to meet the growing challenges of management. For example, the vertical filing cabinet, now such a standard feature of home and workplace offices, was first commercially available in 1893.〔J. Yates, Control through communication: The rise of system in American management. Baltimore,MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.〕 With the increasing availability of computers in the 1950s came an interest in the computer as a source of metaphors and a test bed for efforts to understand the human ability to process information and to solve problems. Newell and Simon pioneered the computer’s use as a tool to model human thought.〔A. Newell and H. A. Simon, Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972. 〕〔H. A. Simon and A. Newell, “Heuristic problem solving: The next advance in operations research,” Oper. Res., vol. 6, pp. 1–10., 1958.〕 They produced “The Logic Theorist,” generally thought to be the first running artificial intelligence (AI) program. The computer of the 1950s was also an inspiration for the development of an information processing approach to human behavior and performance.〔D. E. Broadbent, Perception and communication. London, U.K.: Pergamon Press, 1958.〕 After the 1950s research showed that the computer, as a symbol processor, could “think” (to varying degrees of fidelity) like people do, the 1960s saw an increasing interest in the use of the computer to help people to think better and to process information more effectively. Working with Andries van Dam and others, Ted Nelson, who coined the word “hypertext”,〔T. H. Nelson, “File structure for the complex, the changing, and the indeterminate,” in Proceedings of the 1965 20th ACM/CSC-ER national conference, Cleveland, OH, 1965, pp. 84–100.〕 developed one of the first hypertext systems, The Hypertext Editing System, in 1968.〔S. Carmody, W. Gross, T. Nelson, D. Rice, and A. Van Dam, “A hypertext editing system for the /360,” in Pertinent concepts in computer graphics, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1969, pp. 291–330.〕 That same year, Douglas Engelbart also completed work on a hypertext system called NLS (oN-Line System).〔D. C. Engelbart and W. K. English, “A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect,” in Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I, New York, NY, USA, 1968, pp. 395–410.〕 Engelbart advanced the notion that the computer could be used to augment the human intellect.〔D. Engelbart, “Augmenting human intellect: A conceptual framework.,” SRI Rep., 1962.〕〔D. C. Engelbart, “Special considerations of the individual as a user, generator and retriever of information,” Am. Doc., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 121–125, 1961.〕 As heralded by the publication of Ulric Neisser’s book Cognitive Psychology,〔U. Neisser, Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1967.〕 the 1960s also saw the emergence of cognitive psychology as a discipline that focused primarily on a better understanding of the human ability to think, learn, and remember. The computer as aid to the individual, rather than remote number cruncher in a refrigerated room, gained further validity from work in the late 1970s and through the 1980s to produce personal computers of increasing power and portability. These trends continue: computational power roughly equivalent to that of a desktop computer of a decade ago can now be found in devices that fit into the palm of a hand. The phrase “Personal Information Management” was itself apparently first used in the 1980s in the midst of general excitement over the potential of the personal computer to greatly enhance the human ability to process and manage information.〔M. Lansdale, “The psychology of personal information management,” Appl Ergon, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 55–66, 1988.〕 The 1980s also saw the advent of so-called “PIM tools” that provided limited support for the management of such things as appointments and scheduling, to-do lists, phone numbers, and addresses. A community dedicated to the study and improvement of human–computer interaction also emerged in the 1980s.〔S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, and A. Newell, The psychology of human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983.〕〔D. A. Norman, The psychology of everyday things. New York: Basic Books, 1988.〕 As befits the “information” focus of PIM, PIM-relevant research of the 1980s and 1990s extended beyond the study of a particular device or application towards larger ecosystems of information management to include, for example, the organization of the physical office and the management of paperwork.〔Cole, “Human aspects of office filing: implications for the electronic office,” in Human Factors Society 26th Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 1982, pp. 59–63.〕〔D. O. Case, “Collection and organization of written information by social scientists and humanists: a review and exploratory study,” J Inf Sci, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 97–104, 1986.〕 Malone characterized personal organization strategies as ‘neat’ or ‘messy’ and described ‘filing’ and ‘piling’ approaches to the organization of information.〔T. W. Malone, “How do people organize their desks: implications for the design of office information-systems,” ACM Trans. Off. Inf. Syst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 99–112, 1983.〕 Other studies showed that people vary their methods for keeping information according to anticipated uses of that information in the future.〔B. H. Kwasnik, “How a personal document’s intended use or purpose affects its classification in an office,” in 12th Annual ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 1989), Cambridge, MA, 1989, vol. 23, pp. 207–210.〕 Studies explored the practical implications that human memory research might carry in the design of, for example, personal filing systems,〔W. P. Jones, “The Memory Extender Personal Filing System,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA, 1986, pp. 298–305.〕〔W. P. Jones, “On the applied use of human memory models: the memory extender personal filing system,” Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 191–228, Aug. 1986.〕〔M. Lansdale and E. Edmonds, “Using memory for events in the design of personal filing systems,” Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud., vol. 36, pp. 97–126, 1992.〕 and information retrieval systems.〔D. O. Case, “Conceptual organization and retrieval of text by historians - the role of memory and metaphor,” J Am Soc Inf Sci, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 657–668, 1991.〕 Studies demonstrated a preference for navigation (browsing, “location-based finding) in the return to personal files,〔D. Barreau and B. A. Nardi, “Finding and reminding: file organization from the desktop,” SIGCHI Bull, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 39–43, 1995.〕 a preference that endures today notwithstanding significant improvements in search support.〔D. Barreau, “The persistence of behavior and form in the organization of personal information,” J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 307–317, 2008.〕〔O. Bergman, R. Beyth-Marom, R. Nachmias, N. Gradovitch, and S. Whittaker, “Improved search engines and navigation preference in personal information management,” ACM Trans Inf Syst, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1–24, 2008.〕〔O. Bergman, S. Whittaker, M. Sanderson, R. Nachmias, and A. Ramamoorthy, “The effect of folder structure on personal file navigation,” J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 2426–2441, 2010.〕〔O. Bergman, S. Whittaker, M. Sanderson, R. Nachmias, and A. Ramamoorthy, “How do we find personal files?: the effect of OS, presentation, & depth on file navigation,” in Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA, 2012, pp. 2977–2980.〕 and an increasing use of search as the preferred method of return to e-mails. PIM, as a contemporary field of inquiry with a self-identified community of researchers, traces its origins to a Special Interest Group (SIG) session on PIM at the CHI 2004 conference and to a special National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored workshop held in Seattle in 2005.〔O. Bergman, R. Boardman, J. Gwizdka, and W. Jones, “A special interest group session on personal information management,” 2004.〕〔W. Jones and H. Bruce, “A Report on the NSF-Sponsored Workshop on Personal Information Management, Seattle, WA, 2005,” in Personal Information Management 2005: A Special Workshop Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA, 2005.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Personal information management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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